{"id":"W1833882855","doi":"","title":"Causation and Health in Medical, Environmental and Product Liability","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Causation; Product liability; Liability; Business; Product (mathematics); Actuarial science; Law and economics; Accounting; Political science; Law; Economics; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02670846,0.0001043533,0.0002236355,0.00008498354,0.0003892476,0.000007225007,0.00007865966,0.000133411,0.0003429423],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001171231,0.00008382572,0.00001715703,0.00007916894,0.0001343049,0.0001812611,0.00005745133,0.003898741,0.00002029309],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001105302,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002281015,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000691813,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008871378,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9964065,0.000580707,0.0006164442,0.0002447113,0.0003659818,0.00178565],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987895,0.0004957574,0.000207838,0.0001310187,0.00001573208,0.0003601824],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001201863,0.0002401989,0.7762529,0.0001224413,0.00002131859,0.000006560592,0.0038954,1.330656e-7,0.00007609457,0.01502286,0.0003110417,0.2039309],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001852032,0.0005979901,0.8560071,0.0001591699,0.00001415457,0.0002185668,0.02650105,0.00003735275,0.00000731276,0.07171901,0.04269992,0.0001863346],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9185104,0.004012938,0.0003430232,0.07625527,0.0001568612,0.0003854713,9.894328e-7,0.0000135254,0.0003214845],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.982287,0.01522567,0.00006884119,0.001661799,0.0004131257,0.000005575846,0.000003971069,0.000009268612,0.0003247161],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2037445,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983993,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02976594168292666,"score_gpt":0.414094059717497,"score_spread":0.3843281180345703,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}