{"id":"W1842018159","doi":"10.5539/ijef.v7n11p230","title":"Causal Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1970-2013","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Economics and Finance","topic":"International Business and FDI","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Foreign direct investment; Economics; Granger causality; Unit root; Openness to experience; Cointegration; Nexus (standard); Unit root test; Johansen test; Spillover effect; Causality (physics); Error correction model; Macroeconomics; Investment (military); Monetary economics; Econometrics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003889864,0.0001021396,0.0001913891,0.0002988827,0.00003004258,0.0002041577,0.0001765523,0.00004765305,0.000005879188],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008833054,0.00009950215,0.00003630645,0.0000356786,0.00004802708,0.00111938,0.00009290564,0.00009968942,0.0000175969],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001175026,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005398444,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000387142,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002133178,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992715,0.000005042486,0.0004276721,0.0001309766,0.00006604247,0.00009884113],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992543,0.00006987493,0.0004292442,0.00004368331,0.0001870635,0.0000157615],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005501092,0.00001656532,0.5893903,0.000004779365,0.00002932154,0.00001122915,0.00004607103,0.001147896,4.586555e-7,0.4081725,0.0006573638,0.000468456],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001911702,0.00003257526,0.6844445,0.00007797544,0.00001796443,0.0000409253,0.0001107249,0.007354593,0.00001200346,0.2541596,0.05160049,0.0002369628],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.985442,0.0002604896,0.00004117182,0.002225619,0.0006728186,0.00005241234,0.00001125538,0.000002820651,0.01129137],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974265,0.0004287616,0.0002238879,0.0005521071,0.001269631,0.000003063248,0.00001084966,0.00001023967,0.00007492102],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1540129,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.405758,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03381507106056689,"score_gpt":0.2336581572644973,"score_spread":0.1998430862039305,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}