{"id":"W1856850388","doi":"10.5539/apr.v7n6p49","title":"Physics Essay: Particle Nature of Light and the Speed of Light","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics Research","topic":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Physics; Speed of light (cellular automaton); Starlight; Photon; Optics; Reflection (computer programming); One-way speed of light; Ray; Light field; Particle (ecology); Astrophysics; Gravitational wave","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001319309,0.000819743,0.000459637,0.00118629,0.003073122,0.00573463,0.0007322636,0.003811715,0.02671523],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005559036,0.0004241936,0.0007924666,0.0008416185,0.004916784,0.008360103,0.001117275,0.008164349,0.008018458],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006115827,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002879246,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005464432,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002890446,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991782,0.000201501,0.00002834008,0.0001785605,0.0003500205,0.00006323789],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973911,0.001567691,0.0001017873,0.0001200328,0.0006796276,0.000139714],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001932112,0.00001160184,0.0001142812,0.00007761351,0.000007116489,0.00003154628,0.0001863095,0.0001597777,0.0001234893,0.4964159,0.4936475,0.009205473],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001132793,0.00001564554,0.0004160216,0.0001424347,0.000008717966,0.00009407864,0.0001563555,0.000355042,0.0001327785,0.2399026,0.7587529,0.00001206905],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.001773705,0.05824649,0.004563276,0.431225,0.08878186,0.0000359603,0.000477178,0.0001565729,0.4147399],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1125102,0.03716584,0.002471584,0.06266183,0.1216168,0.0001052437,0.000346692,0.0004781472,0.6626437],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02671523,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08937138,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04478417577447841,"score_gpt":0.3407486975603206,"score_spread":0.2959645217858421,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}