{"id":"W1861880750","doi":"10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02108.x","title":"[Commentary] EVIDENCE OF THINGS UNSEEN: CAUSALITY AND CONFOUNDING IN PATH MODELS OF YOUTH SUBSTANCE USE","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"letter","venue":"Addiction","topic":"Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Youth smoking; Excise; Consumption (sociology); Causality (physics); Adolescent health; Public economics; Public health; Confounding; Substance use; Environmental health; Psychology; Political science; Business; Social psychology; Economics; Medicine; Tobacco control; Psychiatry; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02278528,0.00246573,0.004100326,0.002551262,0.003807032,0.004257475,0.0134653,0.04457939,0.03409492],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1971924,0.001466627,0.006204655,0.004010659,0.007393816,0.008640244,0.002731186,0.05441798,0.01071944],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.009614482,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02089385,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1132327,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1022678,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9855305,0.008237603,0.001101995,0.001408439,0.002989242,0.0007321964],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8264909,0.1408915,0.004520097,0.003030696,0.02236398,0.002702866],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006928633,0.000008379135,0.0001504659,0.0007079364,0.0001099814,0.0001308307,0.0001267522,0.0000973174,0.00001966714,0.004946597,0.9877372,0.005895567],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006939339,0.00007763731,0.001540079,0.00881339,0.0005822773,0.000446137,0.0004692618,0.001572702,0.000147424,0.05024599,0.9352202,0.0001909554],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.000129659,0.005522238,0.0005816339,0.9244121,0.06532662,0.00007959388,0.001624057,0.00007688408,0.00224724],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002932159,0.005844267,0.0009032311,0.8936252,0.09278472,0.0004352467,0.0003216346,0.0000745947,0.003079002],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1132327,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2251473,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3233053167273232,"score_gpt":0.4266725075441464,"score_spread":0.1033671908168232,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}