{"id":"W1902826538","doi":"10.1111/j.1540-5982.2010.01622.x","title":"Viewpoint: An extended class of instrumental variables for the estimation of causal effects","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Endogeneity; Instrumental variable; Econometrics; Identification (biology); Covariate; Class (philosophy); Estimation; Causal model; Contrast (vision); Causality (physics); Mathematics; Economics; Statistics; Computer science; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009614304,0.0002310353,0.0006727904,0.0003675914,0.00009461003,0.00002116148,0.0005772139,0.0001645628,0.00009199271],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007430756,0.0002172751,0.0001877903,0.00008184071,0.0002651018,0.0005213851,0.0000190777,0.0002169232,6.45382e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007800601,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001246148,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03405534,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.7489163,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982355,0.00007177181,0.001070278,0.0001957931,0.000004639835,0.0004220793],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9966227,0.0007386384,0.001338036,0.0004511158,0.0002543596,0.0005951133],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008624795,0.00003173316,0.000225073,0.0001947535,0.0001521129,0.000008946788,0.001596852,0.0005797006,0.0001861866,0.9873111,0.00009493643,0.009532404],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005516878,0.001127484,0.000431755,0.0002180867,0.0001386243,0.0001526861,0.0004769223,0.006019657,0.01877146,0.971665,0.0002214624,0.0002251759],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9808397,0.00007911996,0.01724331,0.000183045,0.0004685333,0.0006376193,0.0001705701,0.000008737565,0.0003694031],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9483638,0.00003728289,0.05125257,0.000119536,0.0001049694,0.00004115643,0.00000744571,0.00004684114,0.00002635284],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7148609,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9723769,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2702152426523947,"score_gpt":0.2734589607369842,"score_spread":0.003243718084589509,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}