{"id":"W1910249335","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.021","title":"Production and catalytic transformation of levulinic acid: A platform for speciality chemicals and fuels","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Catalysis for Biomass Conversion","field":"Engineering","cited_by":356,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"","keywords":"Levulinic acid; Commodity chemicals; Biomass (ecology); Context (archaeology); Lignocellulosic biomass; Raw material; Renewable energy; Fossil fuel; Renewable fuels; Waste management; Chemistry; Biofuel; Biochemical engineering; Cellulosic ethanol; Environmental science; Pulp and paper industry; Engineering; Catalysis; Cellulose; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002599226,0.0006979929,0.0002910974,0.0003553341,0.0002285551,0.0005773286,0.0005478115,0.0005158311,0.0009385872],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001590077,0.0001843511,0.000367879,0.0003091175,0.0002944789,0.0005804858,0.0005330998,0.0006615115,0.0007208412],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005204066,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002681628,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005950627,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008238067,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998397,0.00002887419,0.000008294135,0.00002876546,0.00005270342,0.00004167784],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999636,0.000005388349,0.000006009681,0.000006064336,0.000009928323,0.000009040376],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006182063,0.00007018776,0.0001296663,0.0003941326,0.00003549914,0.0002538399,0.00006445068,0.0007427586,0.9698882,0.003326444,0.000540211,0.02449282],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003210645,0.000085989,0.0001114207,0.000007381966,0.00001109666,0.0001464921,0.000017435,0.0005039461,0.9837294,0.0001720314,0.01520623,0.000005266997],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.7749429,0.09182333,0.07249322,0.001723299,0.0009434858,0.0001916705,0.0003178299,0.0005654003,0.05699876],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9448033,0.02582951,0.01129183,0.0001421547,0.00007419212,0.00003376309,0.0002840128,0.00006696067,0.01747435],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0009385872,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003775835,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02685441824801831,"score_gpt":0.2423620056567315,"score_spread":0.2155075874087131,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}