{"id":"W1929085755","doi":"10.1111/hoeq.12035","title":"“Inequalities of Children in Original Endowment”: How Intelligence Testing Transformed Early Special Education in a North American City School System","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"History of Education Quarterly","topic":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","field":"Psychology","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Intelligence quotient; Endowment; Test (biology); Human intelligence; Psychology; Standardized test; Mathematics education; Special education; Galton's problem; Developmental psychology; Cognition; Computer science; Law; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002059167,0.0001817739,0.0004073332,0.0006240364,0.00002702662,0.000005972231,0.0003044336,0.0001028621,0.0005976638],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007281642,0.0002039208,0.0000659397,0.0005391645,0.000432943,0.0002484245,0.000004323229,0.000399296,0.00007157044],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002476038,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001194489,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02559395,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001437149,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981972,0.0002487136,0.0006935956,0.0003962887,0.0001892358,0.0002749624],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987034,0.0001403431,0.0005401596,0.0003030013,0.0001975837,0.0001155452],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001141128,0.001352548,0.7028587,0.00008164363,0.0000276627,5.017525e-7,0.1225066,0.000001256457,0.0001257421,0.01265333,0.01494478,0.1453331],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002690114,0.0006391511,0.9470846,0.00007118151,0.00001419715,0.00001196763,0.04945769,0.000003806857,0.000003541177,0.0005363689,0.001712595,0.0001958962],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9398686,0.0006757845,0.0003724789,0.0001654005,0.003173776,0.0006177755,0.000006535849,0.00002411112,0.05509556],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9946046,0.000005891046,0.0007382054,0.00007918017,0.0006639375,0.000256479,0.00001228734,0.0000166279,0.003622795],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2442258,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9808947,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02862449306522752,"score_gpt":0.3075229708495154,"score_spread":0.2788984777842878,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}