{"id":"W1931082609","doi":"10.21971/p71010","title":"Popular Darwinism and Geography Textbooks in Canada, 1850-1920","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Crossing boundaries","topic":"History of Science and Natural History","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"U.S. Geological Survey; Colgate University","keywords":"Darwinism; Sign (mathematics); Mechanism (biology); Darwin (ADL); Race (biology); Geography; Population; Social science; Sociology; Epistemology; Demography; Gender studies; Philosophy; Mathematics; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001061482,0.0001266495,0.0001717678,0.0001284142,0.01398188,0.002313265,0.0001245767,0.00003036876,0.0001877087],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001955685,0.0001176582,0.00003420902,0.00003829688,0.02054034,0.0003970145,0.00002720598,0.0001729156,0.000008419752],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002369117,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004208348,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.848254,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9759447,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990691,0.00001805946,0.0001855748,0.000223611,0.0002227281,0.0002809199],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996918,0.00001865633,0.00005425472,0.0001268475,0.00004304993,0.00006535406],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008230178,0.00006745991,0.09934541,0.0001027329,0.00003078187,0.0006014629,0.6972771,0.000004820076,0.0003081863,0.1077348,0.07805667,0.01638828],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001489269,0.00001941573,0.01819651,0.00002182595,0.000003621805,0.00001621086,0.001415313,0.000008369017,0.00001715846,0.0006890222,0.9792882,0.0001754257],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9811987,0.004835455,0.000001979328,0.000179874,0.001049735,0.00005637253,0.00001650244,0.00003273394,0.01262864],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9911938,0.000005534543,0.00008041789,0.0007044185,0.000127597,0.000002242575,0.000004254334,0.000009563269,0.007872198],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9012315,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987224,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0237509733165359,"score_gpt":0.2003995140631692,"score_spread":0.1766485407466333,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}