{"id":"W1934372298","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-971x.2012.01778.x","title":"The western Canada‐US border as a linguistic boundary: The roles of L1 and L2 speakers","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Englishes","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Vernacular; Linguistics; Americanization; Variety (cybernetics); Mainland; Boundary (topology); Population; Variation (astronomy); State (computer science); History; Geography; Sociology; Demography; Anthropology; Computer science; Mathematics; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001562299,0.0001957622,0.000283088,0.001529944,0.00389496,0.004173949,0.0006187051,0.0004298708,0.002171755],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005644138,0.0001765469,0.0001450351,0.002405607,0.003157682,0.001207544,0.00287426,0.0006684685,0.0001976369],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005623019,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007489969,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7953328,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8897889,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988019,0.0003120766,0.00004183023,0.0002180498,0.0003151419,0.0003109658],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9959031,0.001362032,0.0007837553,0.0001736152,0.00105098,0.0007265075],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003787786,0.00004731864,0.7829304,0.00005586168,0.00003596244,0.0003022691,0.192999,0.00009057654,0.002475001,0.001946128,0.0008026172,0.017936],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000411845,0.00002110528,0.8647509,0.00006668614,0.00001568753,0.00005681177,0.132718,0.0001523745,0.000370085,0.0001586767,0.001667885,0.00001777852],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9964646,0.0001107406,0.00005927715,0.00006643381,0.000003362346,0.000005682512,0.00007642307,0.000001548052,0.003212016],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993002,0.00004288421,0.00006734689,0.0000176644,0.000001175565,0.000006344173,0.00008668385,0.000003282581,0.0004743641],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2046672,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.411745,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009688245200162341,"score_gpt":0.280131838863528,"score_spread":0.2704435936633657,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}