{"id":"W1957996696","doi":"10.1108/jes-01-2016-0002","title":"The search for new drugs: a theory of R&D in the pharmaceutical industry","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Economic Studies","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Context (archaeology); Microeconomics; Economics; Value (mathematics); Stochastic game; Quality (philosophy); Externality; Product (mathematics); Originality; Demand curve; Industrial organization; Computer science; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002065543,0.00105404,0.001618127,0.001961563,0.001340259,0.005445003,0.002438817,0.00449794,0.01376797],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004464239,0.0008099762,0.002197379,0.002061231,0.005314808,0.006113621,0.00160183,0.002618331,0.001568581],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0056969,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004189459,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004772209,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002989333,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998166,0.0007211187,0.00005448776,0.0003886612,0.000458842,0.0002108829],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967217,0.002195595,0.0004633831,0.0001749287,0.0002131518,0.000231229],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002501396,0.00004405218,0.0003079587,0.0001298214,0.00002366147,0.00009251658,0.00008250589,0.06848448,0.0002365991,0.9219292,0.001521596,0.007122559],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009098899,0.000133793,0.000420421,0.00009950808,0.00004474799,0.0001490746,0.00009659272,0.1871213,0.0001992601,0.7995259,0.0120782,0.00004021077],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04212108,0.01221841,0.7192416,0.01892951,0.0003653571,0.0003129467,0.0005378967,0.0002012514,0.2060719],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8385127,0.01583038,0.07917278,0.002081315,0.0008398552,0.0007003994,0.0001989801,0.00009789359,0.06256558],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01376797,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04605842,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.482927442045623,"score_gpt":0.3931724342390813,"score_spread":0.08975500780654178,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}