{"id":"W1963624265","doi":"10.1080/03075079.2010.516356","title":"Emergence and growth of professional doctorates in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia: a comparative analysis","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Studies in Higher Education","topic":"Doctoral Education Challenges and Solutions","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":142,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Division of Graduate Education; Economic and Social Research Council; University of New South Wales; University of Warwick","keywords":"Higher education; Kingdom; Political science; Professional development; Continuing professional development; Sociology; Pedagogy; Economic growth; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002273812,0.000147581,0.0004623531,0.006427801,0.004462457,0.003035648,0.0007726167,0.0004422617,0.002739898],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01061225,0.0002248747,0.0002468388,0.01235422,0.001903508,0.001186097,0.002517328,0.0009344354,0.0002150007],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.03368108,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0462954,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9459934,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9737723,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9959481,0.0004505599,0.0001738796,0.0002410462,0.001696105,0.001490178],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9775005,0.002426608,0.00198307,0.0002337007,0.01165675,0.006199331],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"incentives","domain_candidate":"incentives","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003631338,0.0001058874,0.7849213,0.0004963874,0.00007559809,0.00101854,0.0898298,0.0005061859,0.0005937442,0.01257578,0.01017633,0.09933737],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005146794,0.00002203021,0.9576736,0.00008971936,0.000009834868,0.00011827,0.02870191,0.0001539935,0.00008648921,0.00008708114,0.01303558,0.00001634603],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9703355,0.005036521,0.00007782615,0.001987932,0.00003009527,0.0000370572,0.0006886961,0.00001277312,0.02179345],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9937884,0.00306981,0.0001147718,0.0001325168,0.000009053383,0.00001237459,0.0003422872,0.000005922022,0.002524982],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9977262,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2443745,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.572216886227525,"score_gpt":0.5714025600607969,"score_spread":0.0008143261667280521,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}