{"id":"W1966902691","doi":"10.1086/523661","title":"An Explanation for the Observed Weak Size Evolution of Disk Galaxies","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":178,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; U.S. Naval Observatory; Fermilab; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; University of Pittsburgh; Johns Hopkins University; University of Chicago; U.S. Department of Energy; Princeton University; Space Telescope Science Institute; New Mexico State University; National Science Foundation; University of Washington; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Physics; Astrophysics; Galaxy; Dark matter; Stellar mass; Redshift; Astronomy; Galaxy formation and evolution; Halo; Virial theorem; Dark matter halo; Star formation","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002630898,0.0001478106,0.000179417,0.00002924814,0.0009038244,0.0000509734,0.0004201857,0.00002145393,0.00008334641],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002714504,0.00008562596,0.0002003274,0.0001598635,0.0002149129,0.0005264435,0.00002975411,0.0002300368,0.00001333967],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008269903,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001138018,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008216552,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002735891,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987921,0.0001223802,0.0003713628,0.0001118403,0.0003392121,0.0002630666],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986967,0.0002889348,0.0003676747,0.0002975474,0.0002710224,0.0000781266],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00016152,0.0003161177,0.9178985,0.000006587154,0.000170078,1.263365e-8,0.001826302,0.002027701,0.008711966,0.0673242,0.0009684042,0.0005885893],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005516182,0.0001823744,0.9743427,0.000008640756,0.00005179885,0.000007257468,0.001251558,0.008637233,0.0004165273,0.0144069,0.00005147601,0.00009193316],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9403493,0.00003236626,0.05875518,0.0003915184,0.0001810684,0.0002232952,0.00002253652,0.00001527583,0.00002948892],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970199,0.000006256169,0.001512853,0.000001281427,0.001287986,0.00003220872,0.00001420021,0.0000164887,0.0001087719],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05724233,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6951578,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01695916348055538,"score_gpt":0.2225283259933051,"score_spread":0.2055691625127497,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}