{"id":"W1967749234","doi":"10.1017/s000842390999076x","title":"(In)Significant Elections? Federal By-elections in Canada, 1963–2008","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Political Science","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Turnout; Parliament; Political science; Government (linguistics); General election; Politics; Humanities; Philosophy; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001301288,0.0002005076,0.0004803796,0.002325425,0.004021017,0.001694742,0.0007482871,0.000353715,0.005378138],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004134761,0.000162088,0.0003297589,0.004849682,0.0008501246,0.0003618128,0.0009397165,0.001038897,0.0004958856],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.03244315,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03146791,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9934215,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9975373,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986265,0.0000713292,0.00003795472,0.0001345333,0.000329783,0.00079991],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9959983,0.0002856859,0.0007150971,0.0001614908,0.001755322,0.001084145],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003515744,0.0000679416,0.9255201,0.0001790315,0.00007701802,0.0001752851,0.006709738,0.0003571212,0.0005003809,0.003592183,0.02523817,0.03723149],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005099259,0.000009413213,0.9816814,0.00002528601,0.00001109396,0.0000162538,0.001747416,0.0001104228,0.0001175702,0.00005787193,0.01620921,0.000008941834],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9642147,0.002047006,0.0001281529,0.00209896,0.00008887573,0.00005839629,0.01208915,0.00002969546,0.01924513],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9853269,0.0006356753,0.00009744901,0.000136761,0.00002802317,0.00001553636,0.003118669,0.00001037475,0.0106305],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03244315,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2353926,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0210696236427166,"score_gpt":0.3115142584360635,"score_spread":0.2904446347933469,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}