{"id":"W1970740269","doi":"10.1198/073500106000000567","title":"Estimating the Effects of Family Background on the Return to Schooling","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Business and Economic Statistics","topic":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Ontario Council on Graduate Studies, Council of Ontario Universities","keywords":"Ordinary least squares; Instrumental variable; Earnings; Economics; Econometrics; Omitted-variable bias; Demographic economics; Educational attainment; Economic growth","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004303941,0.0004559018,0.0005930586,0.000964725,0.0002806666,0.000960121,0.0005754015,0.0007160116,0.002576184],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01939121,0.0004513891,0.0008132422,0.0008653076,0.0004663268,0.0007734438,0.0009036375,0.0007882896,0.0005008407],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005506263,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007936051,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0234262,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01691742,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982637,0.001252527,0.00003234884,0.0002044416,0.0000836703,0.0001633874],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9792877,0.01784197,0.00141298,0.0008744371,0.0002820188,0.0003008581],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000226988,0.0001480096,0.9488367,0.00002697099,0.0005213284,0.0001577355,0.0001398962,0.02589298,0.000415822,0.002253138,0.0002859129,0.02109441],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009513104,0.0004481552,0.7446427,0.000050305,0.0005049503,0.0001492109,0.000508852,0.2415947,0.001995942,0.008331681,0.001622495,0.00005589927],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9879544,0.0001690678,0.01053172,0.0001792639,0.000006183641,0.00001424125,0.0003225096,0.00005034973,0.0007722214],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959136,0.0001187258,0.002591418,0.00003014141,0.000008901223,0.0000108167,0.0004035623,0.00000844342,0.0009143923],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0234262,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04657972,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06298067578355519,"score_gpt":0.3511374218945468,"score_spread":0.2881567461109916,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}