{"id":"W1971274792","doi":"10.1007/s11191-014-9731-9","title":"Teaching the Conceptual History of Physics to Physics Teachers","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science & Education","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"History of physics; Mathematics education; Physics education; History and philosophy of science; History of science; Teaching philosophy; Conceptual change; Science education; Physics; Psychology; Sociology; Theoretical physics; Social science; Astronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004280947,0.00006896435,0.00008008823,0.00006254313,0.0009750671,0.00005851432,0.0008399548,0.00002693885,0.00009278696],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001338653,0.00005585893,0.00003513331,0.0006661978,0.002671655,0.0005873166,0.00002781477,0.0001607808,0.00007856036],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006349541,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01011788,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006028529,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004287243,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998306,0.0003179582,0.0001430711,0.000257148,0.0006886125,0.0002871655],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989324,0.0001921693,0.0001314232,0.0003147598,0.0002526138,0.0001766231],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[5.438882e-7,0.00006064106,0.001046296,7.952149e-7,4.36942e-7,1.750918e-9,0.3706523,0.00002286891,0.001584938,0.4578843,0.00804645,0.1607004],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003474531,0.00003028566,0.003818165,0.00001133111,0.000005184614,1.520502e-7,0.1750665,0.00008903852,0.0004980811,0.006097093,0.8142365,0.0001128791],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.671035,0.00007091459,0.005071573,0.01434611,0.008726792,0.0003641415,7.239932e-7,0.00005551824,0.3003292],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9800178,0.000003379187,0.0008607188,0.001771905,0.001197026,0.00001387572,8.565515e-7,0.000004114535,0.01613029],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8061901,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9954938,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07025127304409255,"score_gpt":0.3957718271876468,"score_spread":0.3255205541435542,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}