{"id":"W1972111703","doi":"10.1007/s00348-012-1439-5","title":"Hummingbirds generate bilateral vortex loops during hovering: evidence from flow visualization","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Experiments in Fluids","topic":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","field":"Engineering","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Vortex; Wake; Particle image velocimetry; Flow visualization; Physics; Vortex ring; Kinematics; Wake turbulence; Mechanics; Wing; Aerodynamics; Flow (mathematics); Geometry; Classical mechanics; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000159781,0.000232823,0.0002008999,0.0001295988,0.00006851531,0.00005853688,0.0001768848,0.0001449686,0.0008143838],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001656917,0.0002312492,0.00004589525,0.0002171994,0.00001750369,0.0005011795,0.00008031308,0.0001150076,0.0001787011],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001856346,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009973945,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005768458,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002201924,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987056,0.00004801038,0.0003371512,0.0002281899,0.0002443047,0.0004367932],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995379,0.00001887972,0.00002405486,0.0002748538,0.00001657624,0.0001276671],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001787969,0.00003783784,0.004431336,0.0000187947,0.00002067032,0.000005507843,0.003173288,0.0005528801,0.9905601,0.00007597742,0.0001519201,0.0009538138],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003943993,0.00002107838,0.005422277,0.0001145581,0.000005899122,0.000001891604,0.00005817167,0.03269929,0.9603252,0.00005281569,0.0006066507,0.0002978013],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.982846,0.005518149,0.008601074,0.000008069715,0.002357121,0.000157011,0.000005188252,0.0002311825,0.000276166],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9905561,0.0002211448,0.0083768,0.00003154809,0.000437777,0.0000472517,0.000019594,0.00006112881,0.0002486967],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03214641,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9430067,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0290469145517562,"score_gpt":0.2750291817989134,"score_spread":0.2459822672471572,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}