{"id":"W1973209257","doi":"10.1086/318242","title":"Gravitational Lensing by Galaxy Groups in the Hubble Deep Field","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Hubble Deep Field; Gravitational lens; Galaxy; Hubble Ultra-Deep Field; Strong gravitational lensing; Galaxy group; Weak gravitational lensing; Hubble's law; Elliptical galaxy; Hubble Deep Field South","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007536443,0.0004288341,0.0002494658,0.00153557,0.0004554125,0.0006985802,0.0002727003,0.0002654716,0.00100941],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002691375,0.0001920159,0.000243177,0.0012787,0.000675415,0.0008014254,0.0006660342,0.0002381679,0.0001366901],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009005676,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002323027,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01792455,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0219176,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997525,0.00006287788,0.000007564781,0.00003244185,0.00005379287,0.00009099428],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971349,0.001078282,0.0009876136,0.0001909838,0.0000924901,0.0005156397],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001035283,0.0002803298,0.93538,0.00009412356,0.0002432263,0.0005165328,0.0009032726,0.01301982,0.01550997,0.008126411,0.0008034723,0.02408752],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007668998,0.0004554506,0.9628443,0.00002419758,0.0001166027,0.0004564908,0.0008828104,0.02203936,0.004861845,0.006684196,0.001524204,0.00003385185],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9990928,0.0001222185,0.0001772885,0.00001910724,6.620655e-7,0.000001967355,0.00004500979,0.000003233712,0.0005378],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992374,0.0001288536,0.0002208555,0.000007327163,0.000004600477,0.000001332772,0.0000924153,0.000001202657,0.0003058908],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01792455,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03564042,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007577075974644067,"score_gpt":0.2181817955730589,"score_spread":0.2106047195984148,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}