{"id":"W1973469076","doi":"10.1111/0008-4085.00086","title":"Endogenous public sector budgeting: to centralize or not?","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique","topic":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"The Scarborough Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Centralisation; Decentralization; Welfare economics; Government (linguistics); Political science; Central government; Economics; Local government; Public administration; Market economy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008638484,0.000206786,0.0004175555,0.000402025,0.0004829969,0.0003315362,0.0006612886,0.0001794779,0.001823994],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008856425,0.0002298473,0.0001611716,0.0003270791,0.0001457721,0.0006423775,0.0000158286,0.0001959928,0.00006950356],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004465594,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005666753,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3138836,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9952946,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976642,0.0001073438,0.0006880204,0.0002901167,0.000009274612,0.001241091],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9955292,0.0001254217,0.0004319923,0.0002443667,0.0002377424,0.00343128],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003711733,0.00004177909,0.04475463,0.00002099545,0.0001373895,0.0009635226,0.01678887,0.00242933,0.00005794935,0.9130899,0.007211579,0.01413286],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000626408,0.0002897631,0.001745169,0.00005275901,0.00002556588,0.0002892821,0.00277566,0.00009012518,0.0001241248,0.009885062,0.9836575,0.0004386287],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9785851,0.00008145408,0.0001669608,0.01135538,0.001814921,0.0003178163,0.00007518741,0.00001138559,0.007591803],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923073,0.0005404885,0.0002472451,0.003249923,0.001234074,0.000009100589,0.000006506696,0.00003602987,0.002369297],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9764459,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999702,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2620754398538974,"score_gpt":0.2213269581705353,"score_spread":0.04074848168336209,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}