{"id":"W1974210984","doi":"10.1190/tle32101268.1","title":"Monitoring CO2 injection for carbon capture and storage using time-lapse 3D VSPs","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Leading Edge","topic":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Carbon capture and storage (timeline); Sedimentary rock; Environmental science; Fossil fuel; Flue gas; Carbon dioxide; Waste management; Geology; Hydrology (agriculture); Earth science; Geochemistry; Climate change; Engineering; Chemistry; Geotechnical engineering; Oceanography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000243247,0.0004335768,0.000326423,0.001067273,0.0005085046,0.00083926,0.0005334472,0.0005728736,0.001995155],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003014863,0.0002554761,0.0003812539,0.001212871,0.0002729852,0.0004647906,0.000364803,0.0006992579,0.0004594802],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008001403,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005617276,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008403682,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01766904,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997891,0.000007691772,0.000005928766,0.00005518579,0.0001110175,0.00003114101],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998343,0.000037144,0.00001829412,0.00001249741,0.00007941537,0.00001838172],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004256325,0.0001782439,0.0271624,0.0002573362,0.00009225265,0.0003297587,0.0002615527,0.009315204,0.9108005,0.001285742,0.005447768,0.04444371],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003239597,0.0002097211,0.05814143,0.00004347879,0.00008300704,0.0003956428,0.0003825209,0.1564122,0.7702212,0.0007906177,0.01316684,0.0001208993],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9213927,0.001387475,0.0432093,0.0002795168,0.0002095919,0.0001715714,0.01214148,0.001771827,0.01943659],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9427567,0.000944733,0.04939644,0.0002168963,0.00004439815,0.0001854905,0.003459774,0.0001961522,0.002799458],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008403682,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01670957,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02403861824226381,"score_gpt":0.2662680793175757,"score_spread":0.2422294610753119,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}