{"id":"W1976548194","doi":"10.1007/s11663-009-9296-1","title":"Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Inert Gas-Shrouded Ladle Nozzles and Their Role on Slag Behavior and Fluid Flow Patterns in a Delta-Shaped, Four-Strand Tundish","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Tundish; Ladle; Water model; Turbulence; Particle image velocimetry; Nozzle; Mechanics; Shroud; Bubble; Flow (mathematics); Materials science; Continuous casting; Slag (welding); Particle tracking velocimetry; Metallurgy; Mechanical engineering; Engineering; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002223313,0.000283425,0.0004240094,0.0003769339,0.0005140929,0.0009258192,0.0008507448,0.001023115,0.001267342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006579308,0.0003055184,0.0003833345,0.0003004015,0.001037991,0.0008282547,0.0004469534,0.0003377224,0.0001623931],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007501128,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007204023,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007224483,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003586566,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999059,0.00002346972,0.000005399035,0.00002399059,0.00002335774,0.00001790292],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998407,0.00006182067,0.00003860431,0.00001562046,0.00002746797,0.00001581632],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004014807,0.00004072652,0.0007898149,0.00002337849,0.000006930606,0.0001360969,0.00005515093,0.9756826,0.01073704,0.01041648,0.0001203342,0.001951201],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004428571,0.000008138618,0.0001711369,0.000001133436,0.00000132905,0.00001088581,0.000009598099,0.9985373,0.0006804637,0.0004476339,0.0001244304,0.000003524282],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7262372,0.0008579116,0.2471728,0.0006437035,0.0001229844,0.0001068715,0.0002459719,0.0003203198,0.02429225],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9884847,0.0001916997,0.005818001,0.00003461195,0.00001368986,0.00002809212,0.00003734963,0.00002279309,0.005369202],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007224483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01436484,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01403836235806488,"score_gpt":0.21193668223278,"score_spread":0.1978983198747152,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}