{"id":"W1976878377","doi":"10.2118/161015-pa","title":"Atomic-Force Microscopy: A New Tool for Gas-Shale Characterization","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology","topic":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":147,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Characterization (materials science); Atomic force microscopy; Kerogen; Hydraulic fracturing; Oil shale; Nanotechnology; Nanopore; Materials science; Petroleum engineering; Geology; Mineralogy; Source rock","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006362046,0.000423179,0.0003661699,0.001646751,0.0007508018,0.0005657123,0.0007717767,0.0007386383,0.004278995],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005319184,0.0002735753,0.0001940734,0.0007019202,0.0005358132,0.001068232,0.0005466645,0.0007872648,0.0008621382],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007100229,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005475304,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006164716,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01103541,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993927,0.00005524109,0.00002179931,0.00007074046,0.0004275075,0.00003200334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996353,0.0001048025,0.00002465997,0.0000529933,0.0001543737,0.00002783372],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006700098,0.00003041236,0.001115509,0.0003063053,0.00002490292,0.000179336,0.0001506178,0.0007538185,0.8842967,0.00495342,0.004215889,0.1039061],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003358793,0.0001546382,0.01120311,0.0001223239,0.00004812204,0.001337276,0.0001787327,0.0379467,0.7508609,0.005479129,0.1925193,0.0001161913],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1228917,0.03396921,0.8077164,0.002603887,0.000891708,0.000264443,0.002397308,0.005781297,0.02348413],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3630493,0.008731956,0.6085398,0.0005390604,0.0001866843,0.0001852443,0.0008494153,0.0002351531,0.01768335],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.006164716,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01431465,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007172255451436964,"score_gpt":0.2484934213622863,"score_spread":0.2413211659108494,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}