{"id":"W1978273071","doi":"10.7202/1026130ar","title":"Tort Law, Risk, and Technological Innovation in England","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"McGill Law Journal","topic":"Legal principles and applications","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Tort; Law; Action (physics); Function (biology); Industrial Revolution; Technological change; Law and economics; Business; Political science; Economics; Liability","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001440866,0.00004141189,0.00006799817,0.00003815606,0.001990385,0.00006201416,0.0001018529,0.00007759732,0.00003149675],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001966151,0.00003339078,0.00001250184,0.0002306363,0.0002026428,0.0001301874,0.00002874454,0.0002758815,0.000007995875],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004111543,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004076406,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003326474,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04859707,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993717,0.0000972921,0.0001740315,0.00008538348,0.0001318764,0.0001396957],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996955,0.00006364591,0.000084517,0.00005784023,0.00005406642,0.00004443644],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000194615,0.00001576503,0.002815605,5.356887e-7,0.000001268221,9.295696e-7,0.0001194551,0.000003124982,0.00003475568,0.9766843,0.000009426946,0.02031292],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002095494,0.00001635311,0.003694603,0.000004853501,0.000002248132,0.000006285778,0.0001302207,0.00002608141,0.00007507715,0.04308716,0.9526987,0.00004888463],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4765576,0.00002485902,0.0005740232,0.003152841,0.00007109583,0.0001042776,0.000007080384,0.00004565466,0.5194626],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989673,0.0000668709,0.0005888205,0.0001818563,0.0001367932,0.000004241785,5.769342e-7,0.000002821686,0.00005068435],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9526892,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993089,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02397222182131969,"score_gpt":0.2921081569411231,"score_spread":0.2681359351198034,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}