{"id":"W1979803366","doi":"10.1080/00933104.2006.10473314","title":"A Critical Examination of Empirical Research: The Case of Citizenship Education","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Theory & Research in Social Education","topic":"Educator Training and Historical Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Foundation (evidence); Citizenship; Educational research; Empirical research; Citizenship education; Sociology; Democracy; Pedagogy; Critical theory; Empirical examination; Epistemology; Social science; Mathematics education; Political science; Psychology; Law; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.09047537,0.0008968039,0.001125354,0.0114335,0.02624765,0.01729355,0.00352911,0.007659309,0.004494866],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1735127,0.0008283147,0.0006685465,0.007489859,0.1397851,0.02104771,0.01276221,0.01267755,0.0002649344],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01930716,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01173115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009563996,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01119669,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9144273,0.07375209,0.001356469,0.003156923,0.00477677,0.002530372],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.5927975,0.3721541,0.008273408,0.009628244,0.01525455,0.001892244],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002451566,0.00004958566,0.0007814926,0.0002133032,0.00001106362,0.0008717278,0.2241754,0.0001250458,0.00008293051,0.7639306,0.003610423,0.00612401],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004866807,0.00006321307,0.001509455,0.003032493,0.00003070926,0.0005491497,0.5808254,0.0008547734,0.0007498556,0.2924744,0.1198187,0.00004311267],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3052102,0.02042294,0.03188794,0.2976919,0.002746577,0.000655031,0.00009391981,0.00008667419,0.3412048],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9845048,0.002126036,0.003955557,0.006106118,0.0003013348,0.000271916,0.00001941641,0.00004374495,0.002671048],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9095246,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4784852,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4983703330044637,"score_gpt":0.6222797200817209,"score_spread":0.1239093870772572,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}