{"id":"W1979857919","doi":"10.1007/s12122-001-1020-0","title":"Mandatory agency shop laws as an explanation of Canada-U.S. union density divergence","year":2001,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Labor Research","topic":"Labor Movements and Unions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Law; Collective bargaining; Supreme court; Legislation; Political science; Labor relations; Agency (philosophy); Lawsuit; Economics; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004341978,0.00005110625,0.0001230712,0.0001751873,0.0005380448,0.00003949305,0.0004019234,0.00005155281,0.0007892104],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005894759,0.0000428692,0.00002990419,0.0007033217,0.0001385636,0.0004155611,0.00004844229,0.0002715063,0.00000120188],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003070626,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002416569,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.4214082,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.8097148,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968577,0.0007193563,0.0002818334,0.00009431016,0.001739285,0.0003075335],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974698,0.0001158211,0.0001620036,0.0001344108,0.001852726,0.0002652626],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003701433,0.000954748,0.4104358,0.00002915,0.0001505234,0.0008844952,0.02127288,0.00007320046,0.01586164,0.4655785,0.04482306,0.03956581],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003685014,0.0003045356,0.675162,0.00004761793,0.00001010993,0.000006467546,0.008929272,0.00001465279,0.001610086,0.00440039,0.3090423,0.0001040733],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9898164,0.0001647132,0.0000260411,0.002741255,0.0003047194,0.00008979707,0.00001258392,0.000003261884,0.006841192],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957122,0.001439011,0.00006307891,0.0000995162,0.000240078,8.088493e-7,0.000001861115,0.000004898651,0.002438524],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4611781,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8641301,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07002431270465803,"score_gpt":0.4078092972043034,"score_spread":0.3377849844996453,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}