{"id":"W1981303752","doi":"10.1139/t06-006","title":"The effect of salinity on the freezing of coarse-grained sands","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Geotechnical Journal","topic":"Climate change and permafrost","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":97,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Killam Trusts; University of Alberta","keywords":"Frost heaving; Salinity; Soil water; Penetration (warfare); Soil science; Ice crystals; Pore water pressure; Congelation; Soil salinity; Temperature gradient; Water content; Geology; Environmental science; Materials science; Mineralogy; Geotechnical engineering; Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001200972,0.00009075387,0.0001553066,0.00006669963,0.0003981525,0.00004746767,0.0003545711,0.00008032133,0.001270188],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002001679,0.00004341657,0.0001183473,0.0001719589,0.0002197647,0.00003259566,0.000005733001,0.0003750417,0.00001832551],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001177079,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001070306,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1451199,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.4484512,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989751,0.0001599433,0.0002728105,0.00007652855,0.000217166,0.0002984299],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983123,0.001150512,0.0001300537,0.0001849088,0.00003760608,0.0001846519],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005651148,0.00002801564,0.7776661,0.00006026014,0.0001113722,0.0002550983,0.0002128511,0.0138821,0.002770111,0.001458459,0.1203709,0.08261956],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001522104,0.002908543,0.8410089,0.0003176431,0.0001194782,0.0004793811,0.0003122586,0.02141534,0.005397007,0.004886718,0.1211293,0.0005033542],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9908124,0.0005505892,0.00001275093,0.003547386,0.000263144,0.0001366002,0.0006239458,0.000006588709,0.004046561],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994051,0.00006420167,0.000004196706,0.0002171041,0.0002206039,4.269566e-7,0.00004265104,0.000002785451,0.00004297109],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3033313,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996428,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01821749203634122,"score_gpt":0.2194904608566292,"score_spread":0.201272968820288,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}