{"id":"W1982990880","doi":"10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.407","title":"Effects of kindergarten retention on children's social-emotional development: An application of propensity score method to multivariate, multilevel data.","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Developmental Psychology","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":110,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Spencer Foundation","keywords":"Psychology; Developmental psychology; Multivariate statistics; Multilevel model; Grade retention; Propensity score matching; Child development; Early childhood; Academic achievement; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005134743,0.0002499364,0.0004598616,0.0002355699,0.0001624507,0.000003760669,0.0005336358,0.0002071038,0.00001921531],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002173547,0.0002449149,0.00003778376,0.0002685879,0.000125354,0.0002284346,0.0002374382,0.0001931579,0.0000190943],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001067212,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001063177,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002737844,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000113973,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978578,0.0002164382,0.000662201,0.0006568976,0.0003435758,0.0002630519],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986939,0.0001954727,0.0004169551,0.0004172374,0.0001915019,0.00008489375],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008909611,0.005671151,0.03295667,0.000422091,0.0005052069,0.00002312585,0.0084071,0.00001398516,0.604005,0.02623143,0.003920939,0.3169523],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008473095,0.0001609569,0.8056326,0.00007298517,0.000015707,0.00004991736,0.00001531054,0.00004335749,0.1847619,0.008020274,0.0001068964,0.0002727727],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4913347,0.000001948416,0.5073404,0.00003800049,0.00004211507,0.0009219996,0.00003340552,0.00009414787,0.0001932346],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5211323,0.000001219739,0.4783037,0.000136387,0.00001952157,0.0000681376,0.0002912905,0.00002339607,0.0000240441],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7726759,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987342,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3121952142747555,"score_gpt":0.4577566008299078,"score_spread":0.1455613865551523,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}