{"id":"W1983436690","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0076295","title":"The Impact of Phenotypic and Genetic Heterogeneity on Results of Genome Wide Association Studies of Complex Diseases","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS ONE","topic":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":204,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Dalhousie University","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","keywords":"Genome-wide association study; Genetic heterogeneity; Sample size determination; Genetic association; Biology; Statistical power; Genetics; Phenotype; Genetic variation; Study heterogeneity; Meta-analysis; Genotype; Evolutionary biology; Single-nucleotide polymorphism; Statistics; Medicine; Gene; MEDLINE; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001727862,0.00008518277,0.0002795231,0.00002013323,0.00005035933,0.000003049358,0.00008869614,0.00006672354,0.000003624154],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002193372,0.00005887426,0.00007892919,0.00004333457,0.0001071266,0.000001488603,0.0000665306,0.00003040622,0.000001389854],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002588965,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002601588,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001018369,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002751427,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999106,0.0001466442,0.0003566378,0.0001402226,0.0001111058,0.0001394218],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985835,0.0004151235,0.0004418323,0.0002265977,0.0002987046,0.00003427471],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007832311,0.0003216576,0.6865054,0.00003500324,0.00101977,4.097595e-8,0.00005276761,0.0002988811,0.3107042,0.000003019344,0.0007580493,0.0002228973],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003675998,0.0006185522,0.9815745,0.00001333123,0.00007861715,8.215545e-8,0.00004204464,0.0001260517,0.01683103,0.0002858456,0.000009987243,0.00005240092],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9974481,0.00185389,0.00001119359,0.0002712281,0.000008743568,0.0002004752,0.0001413008,0.00000196332,0.00006313774],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975874,0.001727166,0.0004803168,0.00003641233,0.00003254286,0.00001589807,0.00004434614,0.000006467411,0.00006947414],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2950691,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.262583,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05178307678507901,"score_gpt":0.2933279420961726,"score_spread":0.2415448653110936,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}