{"id":"W1984634829","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00483.x","title":"The Causes of City-Suburban Political Polarization? A Canadian Case Study","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","topic":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Politics; Voting; Ethnic group; Polarization (electrochemistry); Cleavage (geology); Geography; Voting behavior; Political science; Sociology; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001423066,0.0002852293,0.0004076928,0.002094651,0.0258234,0.003450909,0.001181833,0.001366404,0.003326795],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003248139,0.0002733944,0.0004855204,0.006174063,0.004997969,0.001110237,0.003211886,0.001743098,0.0001736822],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.04382636,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03466856,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9728052,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9852322,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975098,0.0005309572,0.00003173423,0.0001234094,0.0003649115,0.001439077],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99837,0.0002708465,0.0002430964,0.0001189742,0.0004908289,0.000506239],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002044547,0.0003919215,0.4318175,0.0001794046,0.00006419009,0.02105601,0.2892227,0.00117972,0.0008487804,0.1794665,0.02266759,0.05290134],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004237117,0.00005322925,0.3027667,0.0002375333,0.00008623167,0.006140314,0.6042282,0.001940695,0.0003151653,0.005139878,0.07897349,0.00007607735],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9335303,0.0008971697,0.0002755343,0.006592066,0.00003151032,0.00006755582,0.0002395982,0.00000771084,0.05835853],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955342,0.0009938402,0.0001948804,0.0003617157,0.000009543632,0.00002043082,0.00006496091,0.000005672195,0.002814852],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04382636,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.317984,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02536111386976614,"score_gpt":0.3167521142718009,"score_spread":0.2913910004020348,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}