{"id":"W1984854352","doi":"10.1044/1092-4388(2010/10-0069)","title":"Older Adults Expend More Listening Effort Than Young Adults Recognizing Speech in Noise","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research","topic":"Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":217,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal","funders":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Health Canada; National Institutes of Health; National Institute for Health and Care Research","keywords":"Active listening; Psychology; Audiology; Speech perception; Noise (video); Speech communication; Developmental psychology; Cognitive psychology; Speech recognition; Communication; Linguistics; Perception; Computer science; Medicine; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003069204,0.0001499168,0.0002939003,0.0007131245,0.0002485181,0.0002224166,0.0003000589,0.0001673928,0.0000682813],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002311614,0.000120096,0.00009044196,0.0005083513,0.0001951123,0.0004719275,0.0001779842,0.002041456,0.00001313788],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006686374,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001092251,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001475126,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003270397,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973717,0.000140814,0.0005435522,0.0003777193,0.0009714788,0.0005947275],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99853,0.0005595752,0.0001377164,0.0002571683,0.0002546623,0.0002608938],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000376319,0.0001441966,0.07793866,0.0002360653,0.000004674814,0.00155468,0.03238646,0.00000232288,0.7168499,0.00003103269,0.00003675334,0.170439],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002573428,0.0004739185,0.740531,0.00231855,0.00000694522,0.001760918,0.02232365,0.0007810586,0.2286968,0.0001158442,0.0001239289,0.0002939983],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9975497,0.0002186093,0.000004217824,0.0005995409,0.0003148305,0.0002959846,0.000001937731,0.0000174599,0.0009977557],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962632,0.00009875657,0.00257468,0.00003946099,0.0005319526,0.000005537381,7.560769e-7,0.0000299246,0.0004557544],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6625923,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8869224,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03945173044423955,"score_gpt":0.3663800326582738,"score_spread":0.3269283022140342,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}