{"id":"W1986023072","doi":"10.1007/s00340-011-4373-y","title":"Sooting turbulent jet flame: characterization and quantitative soot measurements","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics B","topic":"Combustion and flame dynamics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":92,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Soot; Premixed flame; Diffusion flame; Turbulence; Materials science; Jet (fluid); Computational fluid dynamics; Particle image velocimetry; Mechanics; Laminar flame speed; Flame structure; Combustor; Combustion; Chemistry; Physics; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005674466,0.0001165717,0.0001051229,0.00002250354,0.0000473309,0.00001940088,0.00005228092,0.000033638,0.00001621046],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000002778805,0.0001236121,0.00001869461,0.00008971266,0.00002157586,0.00007291567,0.00001900433,0.0000895587,0.00004062328],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002332007,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004523123,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002878545,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002034658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995259,0.000006002543,0.0001167284,0.0001182564,0.0001014393,0.0001316503],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997785,0.000009571913,0.00004149975,0.0001027387,0.00002719197,0.00004048508],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005709016,0.0001722879,0.004596151,0.0002204322,0.0002479925,0.000002760761,0.01248975,0.005726652,0.6922098,0.1799545,0.0001383391,0.1041842],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002033613,0.00009523505,0.09891487,0.0001133726,0.0001507008,0.00000510546,0.0007552231,0.7596844,0.1236408,0.01147843,0.001562488,0.001565762],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7688664,0.00001358016,0.22421,0.000006460483,0.0001302726,0.0001687966,0.000006241278,0.0002063654,0.006391841],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982314,0.00001392361,0.001556137,0.0000382673,0.00004228272,0.00001797525,0.00005568342,0.00002634169,0.00001795867],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7539577,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5040756,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04385600846289592,"score_gpt":0.2180683720367098,"score_spread":0.1742123635738139,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}