{"id":"W1986054621","doi":"10.1016/j.finel.2005.11.009","title":"Computing sand production under foamy oil flow in porous media via least-squares finite elements","year":2006,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Finite Elements in Analysis and Design","topic":"Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"China University of Petroleum, Beijing; University of Calgary","keywords":"Porous medium; Gas oil ratio; Petroleum engineering; Porosity; Flow (mathematics); Drawdown (hydrology); Bubble; Finite element method; Displacement (psychology); Geotechnical engineering; Oil field; Mechanics; Fossil fuel; Enhanced oil recovery; Dispersion (optics); Geology; Engineering; Aquifer; Groundwater; Physics; Waste management; Structural engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009324761,0.0003140942,0.0005584667,0.001294946,0.0001145023,0.00009726175,0.0001638955,0.0001235686,0.0001415179],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008113228,0.0002980047,0.0001375993,0.001897173,0.0000385394,0.0001592988,0.00004955874,0.0002730994,0.00001513851],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001264741,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001565895,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008111122,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002271546,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997473,0.0001758845,0.0009261465,0.0004898275,0.0004118487,0.000523301],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991804,0.000247569,0.000131475,0.0003120414,0.0000465503,0.0000820037],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001620518,0.0001004987,0.04451172,0.00004451556,0.0004388996,0.00001996884,0.0002915579,0.9291563,0.0001877609,0.000001714353,0.0001580473,0.0250728],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000779082,0.00002489262,0.04139123,0.0000657958,0.0003790963,8.961898e-7,0.0001413992,0.9553398,0.0008509223,0.0003287908,0.000326903,0.0003712269],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4371894,0.001523407,0.5594586,0.0001113043,0.0002479289,0.0001984943,0.00001958782,0.0001576489,0.001093622],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9914119,0.00030377,0.007484836,0.00004225865,0.0001630878,0.00002034608,0.0001975638,0.00003237996,0.000343849],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5542225,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999472,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01261636104079342,"score_gpt":0.2250310261045396,"score_spread":0.2124146650637462,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}