{"id":"W1986353013","doi":"10.1145/1328964.1328989","title":"Toponym resolution in text","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACM SIGIR Forum","topic":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":158,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Referent; Ambiguity; Task (project management); Coreference; Information retrieval; Focus (optics); Natural language processing; Toponymy; Geographic coordinate system; Artificial intelligence; Proper noun; Ambiguity resolution; Resolution (logic); Linguistics; Global Positioning System; Cartography; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004893844,0.00008415371,0.00008317048,0.000172266,0.00005502602,0.0000614622,0.001155602,0.00008334553,0.000006173593],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002836332,0.00007583315,0.00002764469,0.000489527,0.00002383117,0.0004706466,0.0004912373,0.0001689191,0.00003140174],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008171224,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002208154,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007126348,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001254217,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990337,0.00001600873,0.0001688047,0.0002381068,0.0001731081,0.0003703015],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991772,0.00008847945,0.00004890503,0.000607455,0.0000341124,0.00004387619],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002227407,0.00007252338,0.006641245,0.00001684162,0.000003842964,0.000148955,0.0006467399,0.000003311298,0.01357816,0.2704273,0.009516623,0.6989222],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005579261,0.0001939933,0.01109368,0.000122491,0.000003171925,0.00007848143,0.0001154887,0.003643045,0.1806897,0.7660133,0.03690143,0.0005872583],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02738625,0.002860113,0.9568574,0.006372794,0.0003271305,0.0001839222,6.542918e-7,0.0009488491,0.00506289],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6599823,0.000004317553,0.3391573,0.0006118422,0.00002677121,0.000003004718,9.20826e-7,0.000004671931,0.0002088035],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.698335,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3092386,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0114038817565472,"score_gpt":0.281587358509245,"score_spread":0.2701834767526978,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}