{"id":"W1986353013","doi":"10.1145/1328964.1328989","title":"Toponym resolution in text","year":2007,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ACM SIGIR Forum","topic":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":158,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Referent; Ambiguity; Task (project management); Coreference; Information retrieval; Focus (optics); Natural language processing; Toponymy; Geographic coordinate system; Artificial intelligence; Proper noun; Ambiguity resolution; Resolution (logic); Linguistics; Global Positioning System; Cartography; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003728642,0.002312715,0.002096635,0.01516878,0.002365856,0.006721509,0.002653966,0.002842357,0.01596506],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02330325,0.0008989469,0.002380518,0.01629399,0.002089388,0.01607594,0.009458659,0.003224259,0.01652983],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001853317,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002067317,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003097524,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003258569,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9881995,0.002655953,0.001378983,0.003876864,0.003387932,0.0005008569],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.988694,0.005312815,0.001526372,0.002438113,0.00169971,0.0003289169],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002909692,0.0001565816,0.002281785,0.003346735,0.0002289607,0.002353353,0.002972355,0.01016885,0.01217393,0.09958512,0.1526379,0.7138034],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000665484,0.0001258758,0.002807285,0.0007714731,0.000193017,0.004225045,0.003783741,0.09958175,0.01801129,0.4180906,0.4520709,0.0002724645],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01306727,0.01007862,0.9037261,0.005276623,0.002310455,0.0009920496,0.02739123,0.01526307,0.0218946],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.09740822,0.004640647,0.8465546,0.001886504,0.001170597,0.0005172047,0.03501513,0.001396771,0.01141037],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01596506,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0534085,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0114038817565472,"score_gpt":0.281587358509245,"score_spread":0.2701834767526978,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}