{"id":"W1987447028","doi":"10.1021/es7031423","title":"Formation of <i>N</i>-Nitrosamines from Eleven Disinfection Treatments of Seven Different Surface Waters","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":191,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; California Department of Public Health","keywords":"Chemistry; Nitrosamine; Chlorine dioxide; N-Nitrosodimethylamine; Environmental chemistry; Chlorine; Chloramination; Ozone; Chromatography; Chloramine; Carcinogen; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007481879,0.0001879356,0.0002246163,0.0001566647,0.0002330555,0.000005672058,0.0002618284,0.00009893446,0.0002873049],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000007997669,0.0001467643,0.0000674757,0.0004936317,0.001797138,0.0006094628,0.0002437412,0.00006558309,0.0001003776],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004750265,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005821903,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004555565,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002030847,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998588,0.00002478049,0.0003067141,0.0003643551,0.0004203787,0.0002957247],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994013,0.00001660083,0.0002086875,0.0003073918,0.000003164386,0.00006291288],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001309723,0.0002680528,0.4379253,0.000001139525,0.000006110173,0.000001500966,0.0002765829,0.0002767313,0.5598049,0.000004400658,0.00001281187,0.001409381],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003943875,0.0002365076,0.3445788,0.000005633462,0.00002121406,0.00001422821,0.0001364134,0.0001731628,0.6538895,0.0003913174,0.0000623212,0.0000964513],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9985191,0.00002397833,0.0004618087,0.00007023434,0.00009688376,0.0002600687,0.00003233565,0.0000568403,0.0004787688],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992385,0.00009112032,0.0004450279,0.000006876069,0.000006839944,0.00001314596,0.00004421304,0.000009277829,0.0001450018],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09408463,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.662163,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006566488939879638,"score_gpt":0.1877569906674416,"score_spread":0.181190501727562,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}