{"id":"W1987447883","doi":"10.1080/00220388.2014.940910","title":"Taxing the Informal Economy: The Current State of Knowledge and Agendas for Future Research","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Development Studies","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":181,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Incentive; Corporate governance; Revenue; Public economics; Informal sector; Tax revenue; State (computer science); Economics; Business; Market economy; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004245848,0.00008594411,0.0002694419,0.00009219943,0.0007441597,0.00002659264,0.0002804399,0.000008651751,0.000003103494],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002306947,0.00004077276,0.00004973835,0.0001253552,0.0002196951,0.00009876302,0.0001938441,0.0002064562,0.00001007226],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003995082,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005340193,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001266619,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000384194,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999065,0.00004981566,0.0006025475,0.00006467482,0.00004293209,0.0001750238],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983975,0.0005241692,0.0006506384,0.000111984,0.00029624,0.00001946466],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001862857,0.00008656401,0.02981561,0.000367763,0.001423775,1.604498e-7,0.2277279,0.0001000707,0.000002946239,0.05982312,0.02870315,0.6517626],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003202368,0.00007537859,0.1761115,0.00004757633,0.000008638121,0.000002371913,0.004181535,0.00004717161,0.00005093096,0.02404503,0.7950409,0.00006872071],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7097595,0.2506575,0.004352134,0.02168802,0.002165611,0.0008603387,0.00001849526,0.000009684244,0.01048874],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9866564,0.01226685,0.000257909,0.00009755181,0.0002517354,0.00002122295,2.297179e-7,0.000006085567,0.0004419659],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7663378,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.572355,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1489327791924712,"score_gpt":0.3480298952782109,"score_spread":0.1990971160857397,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}