{"id":"W1987880796","doi":"10.1007/s12122-004-1011-z","title":"Unions and wage inequality","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Labor Research","topic":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":413,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Collective bargaining; Economics; Earnings; Inequality; Labour economics; Wage; Work (physics); Wage inequality; Economic inequality; Efficiency wage; Union density","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007653537,0.0000816852,0.0003204054,0.0003947017,0.0001394861,0.0001182934,0.0002722705,0.00007911171,0.0001038686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001155106,0.00007543918,0.00007101958,0.0006002499,0.0001328733,0.0002724157,0.00008620451,0.0005880345,0.00003172249],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001682947,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001119631,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003587836,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005461009,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985338,0.0001031502,0.0007374713,0.0001688405,0.0001492863,0.0003074033],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986819,0.0001899788,0.0003013449,0.0002405538,0.0004002104,0.0001859901],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004412674,0.0001488725,0.05331258,0.00002813607,0.00004062335,0.00005739919,0.0004010967,0.00003006377,0.0001857987,0.944979,0.0001102836,0.0006620053],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001315739,0.0002746869,0.1581114,0.00004504307,0.000003002519,0.00003428861,0.00021386,0.00003330717,0.0001497636,0.8163009,0.02337248,0.000145609],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9850469,0.001906323,0.0006802175,0.006960755,0.0001911275,0.00008066321,0.0001291686,0.000005334258,0.004999575],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974363,0.001200034,0.0008244131,0.0001496523,0.0001630601,0.000001772334,0.000001564484,0.00001323193,0.0002099957],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1286782,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.307632,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1135874771629706,"score_gpt":0.3564858133337422,"score_spread":0.2428983361707716,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}