{"id":"W1992156563","doi":"10.1039/b802216j","title":"Inhibition of solute crystallisation in aqueous H+–NH4+–SO42−–H2O droplets","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics","topic":"nanoparticles nucleation surface interactions","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":64,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK; Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences","keywords":"Crystallization; Brine; Nucleation; Supercooling; Aqueous solution; Metastability; Ice crystals; Chemical engineering; Crystallography; Chemistry; Amorphous ice; Phase (matter); Ice nucleus; Chemical physics; Thermodynamics; Materials science; Physical chemistry; Organic chemistry; Amorphous solid; Meteorology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004343371,0.0001619269,0.0002472933,0.00001481236,0.00005475884,0.00001190402,0.000122034,0.0000690211,0.0002833081],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006605127,0.0001666845,0.000111574,0.0003438127,0.0002415463,0.0003076462,0.00001950113,0.0002579695,0.0001064432],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002890728,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004539953,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001590997,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006974383,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987928,0.0000233836,0.0003083712,0.0002812938,0.0003326236,0.0002615383],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992889,0.000173937,0.0001369602,0.0002080319,0.00007765942,0.0001145336],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004417621,0.000254525,0.004027582,0.00003868896,0.000008588586,0.000008696365,0.0004725454,0.002314348,0.9906038,0.00001780012,0.0001660003,0.002043242],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003688266,0.00002024964,0.00430403,0.00002629941,0.00001016706,0.0000109082,0.00006064019,0.02527918,0.9649154,0.004704847,0.0001051866,0.0001942795],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9939156,0.00001708497,0.0001312616,0.00008918496,0.00002824488,0.00008643839,0.00005390044,0.00005204538,0.005626213],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992623,0.000005457081,0.0002195698,0.00004208767,0.0002221454,0.00000267789,0.0001960373,0.000008196961,0.00004152723],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02568842,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6797196,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01939827802673675,"score_gpt":0.2217682615053951,"score_spread":0.2023699834786584,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}