{"id":"W1992166114","doi":"10.1016/j.chaos.2009.03.121","title":"Exploring scaling laws in surface topography","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Chaos Solitons & Fractals","topic":"Landslides and related hazards","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Variogram; Scaling; Fractal; Fractal dimension; Scale (ratio); Surface (topology); Digital elevation model; Fractal analysis; Scale invariance; Geometry; Mathematics; Geology; Statistical physics; Remote sensing; Kriging; Physics; Mathematical analysis; Statistics; Geography; Cartography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000263139,0.0001620289,0.0002006177,0.00005589427,0.0001217659,0.00004311281,0.0002089397,0.0001015042,0.0006015018],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001970342,0.0001344438,0.0001042988,0.0004491354,0.0000726162,0.0004564471,0.00007339019,0.0002637961,0.0003473983],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009039954,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006843258,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003043066,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004025762,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986696,0.00003628157,0.0002622424,0.0003220766,0.0002419004,0.0004679588],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994869,0.00004227304,0.00005765681,0.0002704671,0.000004546875,0.0001381832],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001982041,0.001489829,0.5483227,0.00004179554,0.00009155239,0.0005575236,0.01485167,0.06299533,0.1479045,0.001937766,0.004170015,0.2174391],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001682027,0.0002684123,0.8742655,0.000268677,0.00004514241,0.00005142041,0.001469512,0.004164916,0.03986801,0.006572878,0.06996959,0.001373922],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9740078,0.0001874333,0.00004755245,0.0006927499,0.0002243699,0.0001474496,0.000002863471,0.00007616117,0.02461363],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985573,0.0003049352,0.0005287591,0.0002999038,0.00007653236,0.000007155592,0.000004263802,0.00001320984,0.000207934],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3259428,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6586023,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04035628557780879,"score_gpt":0.2480959647134268,"score_spread":0.207739679135618,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}