{"id":"W1995321300","doi":"10.1016/s0169-7722(01)00206-6","title":"The effect of surface-active solutes on water flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated porous media with capillary fringe effects","year":2002,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","topic":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":57,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Capillary action; Surface tension; Pulmonary surfactant; Capillary fringe; Capillary pressure; Porous medium; Chemistry; Materials science; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Vadose zone; Porosity; Chromatography; Composite material; Groundwater; Geotechnical engineering; Geology; Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007661005,0.0002529532,0.000654645,0.00007405357,0.0001465936,0.00001221239,0.0001945081,0.0001161233,0.00004015298],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005059802,0.000119161,0.0000659691,0.0001134933,0.0004012361,0.0001855418,0.00004979132,0.0003231119,0.00001086415],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000972963,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006538755,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001836809,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008683207,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981713,0.0003450522,0.0005155836,0.0002190961,0.0003429241,0.0004060339],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984847,0.000966502,0.0002832935,0.0001504186,0.00003564621,0.00007947762],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.007972852,0.0005211778,0.6915035,0.0001644602,0.0008204693,0.004110846,0.02405823,0.002703477,0.1524686,0.0001079373,0.00032352,0.1152449],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008517022,0.01212986,0.8408113,0.0002301707,0.0002690624,0.0008143717,0.0002897705,0.002405549,0.1308047,0.00004726349,0.00326941,0.0004114904],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979771,0.0006066682,0.0002568164,0.0003856071,0.0002288385,0.0002927531,0.00000299453,0.000005891773,0.0002432718],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993117,0.0002700506,0.00004174202,0.00006423132,0.00002593768,0.000009297692,0.000001646138,0.00001529427,0.0002600531],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1493078,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4859243,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003976410605289013,"score_gpt":0.17624713233071,"score_spread":0.172270721725421,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}