{"id":"W1998629739","doi":"10.1115/imece2005-81543","title":"Bounds on Two-Phase Flow: Part II — Void Fraction in Circular Pipes","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fluids Engineering","topic":"Heat Transfer and Boiling Studies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Mass fraction; Turbulence; Porosity; Upper and lower bounds; Mechanics; Two-phase flow; Void (composites); Pipe flow; Thermodynamics; Fraction (chemistry); Volumetric flow rate; Hydraulic diameter; Mass flow rate; Mass flow; Flow (mathematics); Bounded function; Materials science; Mathematics; Physics; Chemistry; Mathematical analysis; Reynolds number; Chromatography; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001370047,0.001141522,0.0009472345,0.002431662,0.0004529182,0.001935191,0.001622002,0.001081929,0.002796366],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00586237,0.0005340093,0.0007562076,0.001365137,0.002124602,0.003845432,0.001272167,0.001459865,0.001113017],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001172155,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000492667,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001054975,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003316664,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988329,0.0002141781,0.00007673947,0.0002176421,0.0005003694,0.0001582847],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9953623,0.003107252,0.0006521643,0.0003450856,0.0004753351,0.00005784342],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002730717,0.00008936837,0.001714613,0.001603765,0.00006737231,0.0003057474,0.0002165152,0.3852795,0.02573245,0.4479682,0.004030227,0.1327192],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001927287,0.0002761386,0.002889666,0.0008398701,0.00005846713,0.0008181767,0.00009958653,0.509028,0.04032404,0.3804696,0.06499704,0.0001801892],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0240972,0.0539885,0.9040689,0.0003545663,0.0002345681,0.00004088016,0.0002123718,0.0004855026,0.01651738],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8267424,0.06369619,0.09752823,0.0003760619,0.0009782832,0.0003049682,0.0006636757,0.0005165597,0.009193629],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002796366,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009354711,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01000863619954437,"score_gpt":0.2362127334592654,"score_spread":0.226204097259721,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}