{"id":"W2004722883","doi":"10.1097/ede.0b013e3181a819a1","title":"Overadjustment Bias and Unnecessary Adjustment in Epidemiologic Studies","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Epidemiology","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":1947,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Selection bias; Omitted-variable bias; Confounding; Information bias; Econometrics; Statistics; Proxy (statistics); Causal structure; Sampling bias; Non-response bias; Outcome (game theory); Causal inference; Sample size determination; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1786922,0.001209476,0.002302097,0.004016202,0.001849464,0.004640779,0.003415974,0.002691605,0.00187738],"category_scores_gemma":[0.5292621,0.001250007,0.002602454,0.007780286,0.01186959,0.005489334,0.006130153,0.003505712,0.000333335],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003491125,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004403013,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003586757,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002899771,"domain_scores_codex":[0.7199392,0.2270248,0.01648987,0.01425966,0.02036373,0.001922771],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.4040785,0.4968787,0.040064,0.04869763,0.009363513,0.0009177378],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003154188,0.00006677947,0.0429871,0.001484967,0.001379624,0.0004115975,0.003069644,0.02596791,0.0005930499,0.7975662,0.003518073,0.1226397],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000113699,0.000098788,0.007090492,0.000573914,0.0003814797,0.0004669182,0.0002645318,0.02902266,0.001101117,0.9449137,0.01588888,0.00008391789],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02828315,0.009278389,0.9467807,0.008163262,0.0007159318,0.0004783426,0.0003622227,0.0002634015,0.005674624],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5414419,0.004976959,0.443339,0.004845949,0.001345058,0.001523151,0.0002834737,0.0002125967,0.002031929],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8213078,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.945026,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.6176038876181804,"score_gpt":0.5397161510959915,"score_spread":0.07788773652218894,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}