{"id":"W2008048828","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.08.007","title":"Optimal placement of PMUs to maintain network observability using a modified BPSO algorithm","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","topic":"Power System Optimization and Stability","field":"Engineering","cited_by":207,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Observability; Phasor; Mathematical optimization; Units of measurement; Particle swarm optimization; Transmission (telecommunications); Transmission line; Constraint (computer-aided design); Algorithm; Control theory (sociology); Computer science; Mathematics; Electric power system; Power (physics); Applied mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009877116,0.0002143514,0.0004878882,0.0002488179,0.00003649293,0.00007837589,0.0005751076,0.0001518248,0.00007727623],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001780234,0.0001954587,0.0002092167,0.000373807,0.00003389418,0.0001769157,0.00005639605,0.0003420372,0.00000239044],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003358833,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001313502,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001264366,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001553652,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972275,0.0001377754,0.001271162,0.0001906572,0.0008316297,0.0003412568],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980826,0.0001692828,0.0003343284,0.0002427907,0.0009030317,0.0002679771],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001152355,0.0001100719,0.0004343356,0.000008556337,0.0002482897,0.00002390955,0.00008348764,0.9889557,0.003381085,0.005403749,0.0007598074,0.0004757794],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007487539,0.0002163167,0.0004300761,0.00007950782,0.00002510053,0.0002401158,0.00005577934,0.987227,0.001120278,0.0001262962,0.00947797,0.0002527783],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1348187,0.0002778426,0.8576851,0.00006486475,0.006031467,0.0001329301,0.00001989452,0.00003947716,0.0009297405],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9860436,0.00000985095,0.01344041,0.00004799384,0.0003744155,0.000005808499,0.000004252929,0.00002841877,0.00004529117],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8512248,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7970575,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01050654490855565,"score_gpt":0.2423628061715389,"score_spread":0.2318562612629832,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}