{"id":"W2008389693","doi":"10.2514/1.2707","title":"Structure and Induced Drag of a Tip Vortex","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Aircraft","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":110,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Bombardier (Canada); McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Airfoil; Starting vortex; Mechanics; Wake; Vortex; Physics; Angle of attack; Vorticity; Vortex lift; Lift coefficient; Drag; Lift-to-drag ratio; Horseshoe vortex; Lift (data mining); Vortex ring; Reynolds number; Aerodynamics; Turbulence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005989444,0.00007577307,0.0001705267,0.00009156149,0.00001183291,0.00001130316,0.00007529525,0.00006053225,0.00001824742],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001272881,0.0000623116,0.00005222661,0.00007178162,0.00001316844,0.00009231917,0.00001122767,0.0001844981,7.962475e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002775659,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002579613,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005775261,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000716253,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999488,0.000004198076,0.000247675,0.00003938172,0.0001311144,0.00008964531],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997412,0.0000103643,0.00006217542,0.00007099505,0.00005266675,0.00006258033],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007093912,0.0001100549,0.006319445,0.0003682999,0.0005169591,0.0002345128,0.001853554,0.5081434,0.4650326,0.00410667,0.001245774,0.01199787],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0225046,0.003814572,0.4280069,0.002176825,0.0007271457,0.004883102,0.0003806842,0.2729433,0.1773155,0.07137702,0.01342726,0.002443064],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981639,0.0004814015,0.0007105585,0.0001252169,0.0003068913,0.00002848616,0.000006379979,0.000009790551,0.0001673535],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977755,0.00007844169,0.002006782,0.00002175076,0.00009339613,1.046221e-7,5.331005e-7,0.00001282233,0.0000106793],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4216874,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2540993,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004741846327780419,"score_gpt":0.191079928247683,"score_spread":0.1863380819199026,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}