{"id":"W2008389693","doi":"10.2514/1.2707","title":"Structure and Induced Drag of a Tip Vortex","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Aircraft","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":110,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Bombardier (Canada); McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Airfoil; Starting vortex; Mechanics; Wake; Vortex; Physics; Angle of attack; Vorticity; Vortex lift; Lift coefficient; Drag; Lift-to-drag ratio; Horseshoe vortex; Lift (data mining); Vortex ring; Reynolds number; Aerodynamics; Turbulence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005518718,0.0001014105,0.0001406739,0.0003775335,0.0002256398,0.0002712293,0.0001263815,0.000191179,0.0005455067],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002609469,0.0001290239,0.0001258736,0.00009769108,0.0002891402,0.000167901,0.0002454287,0.000227374,0.00008384175],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001972033,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001697798,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004990553,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002356379,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999416,0.000005242852,0.000001915404,0.000009891682,0.00002144522,0.00001986935],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998598,0.00002441766,0.00002686618,0.000008751386,0.00004211986,0.00003814415],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000322727,0.00008804198,0.01268782,0.00004355207,0.00001142364,0.0006353923,0.0002095292,0.01047927,0.9652283,0.001280122,0.0001340515,0.008879832],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002249692,0.001935044,0.2239822,0.00004525504,0.00004475311,0.001346606,0.0004672654,0.2747345,0.4935088,0.001594244,0.002033795,0.00008249982],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987714,0.00002303797,0.0007591225,0.000005217026,0.000001815522,0.00000277465,0.00001453067,0.00001701283,0.0004051013],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999278,0.00001041296,0.0005275616,0.000002979312,0.000001227017,0.000002690855,0.00004424625,0.000002800072,0.0001300326],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0005455067,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.001824856,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004741846327780419,"score_gpt":0.191079928247683,"score_spread":0.1863380819199026,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}