{"id":"W2008455592","doi":"10.5539/apr.v3n2p3","title":"Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes across a Boundary: Elementary Principles","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Physics Research","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Observable; Thermodynamics; Extended irreversible thermodynamics; Work (physics); Statistical physics; Entropy (arrow of time); Irreversible process; Boundary (topology); Entropy production; Boundary value problem; Heat transfer; Physics; Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Quantum mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001150428,0.0006486681,0.001518087,0.001068189,0.001040099,0.002541586,0.002165911,0.001740406,0.00325806],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001966669,0.000710732,0.001003144,0.0007178556,0.004294575,0.004197179,0.00226369,0.002848627,0.001287564],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001187,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009070889,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001182756,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006305063,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992562,0.00008691006,0.00003304288,0.0001417097,0.0003786837,0.0001035377],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995199,0.0002216434,0.00003894583,0.0001031571,0.00008588391,0.00003037249],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007420536,0.00001836536,0.0001409783,0.000217427,0.0000124068,0.00009200472,0.0001492386,0.02238235,0.003201732,0.9652539,0.001495112,0.007028843],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004549071,0.00001451408,0.0002662545,0.00004252464,0.000004601421,0.00007625212,0.00002148064,0.02519583,0.0008467833,0.964092,0.009414668,0.00002053132],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06847647,0.06024593,0.7017435,0.004744726,0.001935085,0.0001975531,0.0008729412,0.0004422872,0.1613414],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8717852,0.02801047,0.05455552,0.00141266,0.002067421,0.0006411949,0.0005460236,0.0004587231,0.04052282],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.00325806,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01089925,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0896085599473989,"score_gpt":0.3594175524789495,"score_spread":0.2698089925315506,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}