{"id":"W2008737733","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.1312.4041","title":"Effective photons in weakly absorptive dielectric media and the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","topic":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Beer–Lambert law; Photon; Dielectric; Absorption (acoustics); Limit (mathematics); Physics; Attenuation coefficient; Quantum electrodynamics; Optics; Computational physics; Quantum mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000202716,0.0003753062,0.000458227,0.0001417134,0.0001284352,0.00008647593,0.0004261002,0.0001702512,0.0001904493],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001388058,0.0003198369,0.0002055233,0.0003425158,0.0004396422,0.0001593602,0.0008885193,0.0009180223,0.0001161794],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001396544,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005946988,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005609044,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003165192,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984501,0.0002129873,0.0001890713,0.0006738165,0.00008396152,0.0003900731],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985827,0.000524721,0.0001918601,0.0004931093,0.00009215072,0.0001154221],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001248365,0.0001775786,0.006417803,0.00003742,0.0003457358,0.00003876953,0.001549226,0.002652307,0.00005337441,0.9880462,0.000149013,0.0004076909],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005830821,0.0001279632,0.01499698,0.000243901,0.0006640889,0.000002538731,0.001761555,0.06734146,0.001452531,0.9050597,0.001059597,0.001458856],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9494122,0.0001257663,0.0009446724,0.000116109,0.0002834055,0.001224672,0.00007178915,0.00003583733,0.04778552],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976399,0.00004800869,0.00003719069,0.0000507802,0.0001408081,0.00002265396,0.00003897164,0.00003169483,0.001989969],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.08298653,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999254,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0153078963430425,"score_gpt":0.1615949111677051,"score_spread":0.1462870148246626,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}