{"id":"W2009410358","doi":"10.1021/ef9010669","title":"Upgrading Bio-oil through Emulsification with Biodiesel: Mixture Production","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy & Fuels","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":161,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Biodiesel; Thermogravimetric analysis; Pyrolysis; Biofuel; Biomass (ecology); Volume (thermodynamics); Viscosity; Chemical engineering; Pulp and paper industry; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Materials science; Thermal decomposition; Lignin; Renewable fuels; Mixing (physics); Biodiesel production; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Fossil fuel; Waste management; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003477673,0.0001700639,0.0001280462,0.00006083461,0.00006711922,0.00003171205,0.0001379136,0.00009944311,0.00005575399],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001992992,0.0001437521,0.00003215622,0.0003959311,0.00003707148,0.0002748911,0.00000808454,0.0000878045,0.00002873292],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005712103,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000976539,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006120315,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002615744,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992316,0.00001061659,0.0001413872,0.0002525409,0.0001514088,0.000212439],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995904,0.00001372832,0.00003766321,0.0002502965,0.00005778189,0.00005014078],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001529936,0.00002054601,0.00002532627,0.00003529428,0.00002366287,0.000002274411,0.0001993113,0.00008108733,0.9700149,0.001160711,0.002041214,0.02638039],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001268645,0.00003261072,0.0001077531,0.00004068036,0.0000147953,0.00001013612,0.00005319099,0.00002084242,0.9727733,0.001038474,0.02558072,0.0002005955],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.983577,0.001797212,0.002607531,0.001621116,0.0004111931,0.00004724507,0.000004172385,0.00115841,0.008776194],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969024,0.000339116,0.00161326,0.0001413466,0.0001938876,0.00001236273,0.00002996634,0.00002406419,0.0007435801],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0261798,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5862042,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008426788600286521,"score_gpt":0.1986199983146485,"score_spread":0.190193209714362,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}