{"id":"W2011594513","doi":"10.1155/2012/542426","title":"Biofuels Production from Biomass by Thermochemical Conversion Technologies","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":221,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Biomass (ecology); Biofuel; Raw material; Fossil fuel; Agriculture; Environmental economics; Renewable energy; Natural resource economics; Bioenergy; Environmental science; Production (economics); Productivity; Business; Waste management; Biochemical engineering; Engineering; Economics; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001624425,0.0002464038,0.0002670341,0.0006974662,0.0002187473,0.0005586966,0.0001854603,0.0003103619,0.00100004],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001568553,0.0001545234,0.0002698159,0.0008860138,0.0001838845,0.000705298,0.0001771719,0.0004143102,0.000594642],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001843393,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001631749,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002570954,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006350381,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998933,0.00001410989,0.000005683736,0.00001655588,0.00005135487,0.00001891807],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999697,0.000008319147,0.000006699084,0.000003515206,0.000007935772,0.000003739092],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005218167,0.00004533259,0.0004032843,0.0001721095,0.0000046286,0.00007870088,0.0000251866,0.0009225316,0.9856281,0.0009342294,0.00005011949,0.01168366],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004682215,0.0001000158,0.0008781063,0.00001649689,0.000007470622,0.00008834388,0.00004392261,0.00210595,0.9924449,0.0005172618,0.003786702,0.000006183372],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9621139,0.007747729,0.02146354,0.000185323,0.00006734877,0.00005576944,0.0003308441,0.00006623637,0.007969296],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9774148,0.006333783,0.01223105,0.00003966255,0.00001841295,0.00002971948,0.0002813769,0.00001938063,0.003631801],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00100004,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00334549,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005345086369440365,"score_gpt":0.1971878371636804,"score_spread":0.19184275079424,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}