{"id":"W2012397382","doi":"10.2134/jeq2010.0156","title":"Implications of Cation Exchange on Clay Release and Colloid‐Facilitated Transport in Porous Media","year":2010,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Environmental Quality","topic":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":72,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","keywords":"Clay minerals; Kaolinite; Chemistry; Ionic strength; Adsorption; Illite; Colloid; Zeta potential; Ion exchange; Quartz; Porosity; Porous medium; Scanning electron microscope; Chemical engineering; Mineralogy; Ion; Aqueous solution; Materials science; Composite material; Organic chemistry; Nanoparticle","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006524289,0.00009340796,0.0001918803,0.00005257071,0.00004941288,0.000003954001,0.0001019111,0.00005507186,0.000499425],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003650185,0.0000801998,0.00004602655,0.00008116679,0.0002318069,0.0001776392,0.00002970856,0.0001798282,0.00001354193],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001129634,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005915993,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001778201,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006570462,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988721,0.00007458201,0.0005225635,0.0001350286,0.0002866958,0.0001090507],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994024,0.00009998138,0.0002766327,0.0001357295,0.000005466497,0.00007981282],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007727809,0.0004120241,0.691732,0.000009799822,0.00001152135,0.00000358603,0.002881748,0.0000177586,0.27625,0.00006744651,0.00005988477,0.02847693],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005806803,0.000102479,0.9923108,0.000006162044,0.00001240002,0.00001117724,0.0004797622,0.000002905046,0.004739911,0.0001831635,0.001491915,0.00007863049],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987183,0.00004426179,0.0001256476,0.0004728133,0.0000733808,0.0001093543,0.00005856384,0.000002685265,0.0003950081],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99945,0.00008435406,0.0001838846,0.00009241217,0.00001587334,0.000005744765,0.000008582223,0.000004998623,0.0001540955],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3005788,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5468354,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0192246127437557,"score_gpt":0.2606784762643486,"score_spread":0.2414538635205929,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}