{"id":"W2013434867","doi":"10.1007/s11149-011-9162-3","title":"FDI and environmental regulation: pollution haven or a race to the top?","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Regulatory Economics","topic":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":139,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Foreign direct investment; Race to the bottom; Haven; Economics; Pollution haven hypothesis; International economics; Incentive; Globalization; Argument (complex analysis); Pollution; Race (biology); International trade; Externality; Constraint (computer-aided design); Natural resource economics; Market economy; Microeconomics; Macroeconomics; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00284204,0.0004120714,0.001553715,0.001491876,0.002438184,0.008381511,0.000834066,0.006682544,0.03648362],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00797245,0.000336089,0.0006766294,0.001646545,0.006927431,0.01492974,0.002954239,0.006476409,0.001193071],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004604634,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004910939,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02643067,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03435057,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984955,0.0002971408,0.00004407591,0.0002172465,0.0003209915,0.0006250908],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9940848,0.002569888,0.001346217,0.0003676965,0.0008443404,0.0007871709],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002041139,0.0001228191,0.007430342,0.0001206561,0.00006243736,0.00009535454,0.0002692433,0.001438905,0.0001920766,0.9402926,0.02670244,0.02306897],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001158848,0.00005710188,0.007850784,0.0005455048,0.0001092186,0.00007975936,0.001147734,0.002128369,0.0004175244,0.9305042,0.05698298,0.00006083706],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0848105,0.02175828,0.007983126,0.572763,0.001769765,0.00002296219,0.000721635,0.000115796,0.3100549],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.936666,0.006785149,0.0005441867,0.0293429,0.001761378,0.00001952368,0.0001128487,0.00003269719,0.02473531],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.03648362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1220499,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08160141159093094,"score_gpt":0.2152824777779866,"score_spread":0.1336810661870557,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}