{"id":"W2013622902","doi":"10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.07.002","title":"Primordial bound systems of superheavy particles as the source of ultra-high energy cosmic rays","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astroparticle Physics","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","keywords":"Physics; Antiparticle; Annihilation; Cosmic ray; Charged particle; Particle physics; Range (aeronautics); Particle (ecology); Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray; Nuclear physics; Astrophysics; Electron; Quantum mechanics; Lepton; Ion","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001127785,0.000237491,0.0003968251,0.00001859946,0.0001560926,0.00004684474,0.0003504863,0.00002253619,0.00002057346],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004113986,0.0001874937,0.0001894362,0.0002946491,0.0003435568,0.0001771806,0.00007647827,0.0001330251,0.00002632945],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003448856,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001717176,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004614806,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003768352,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983611,0.00006107165,0.0004905594,0.0002663885,0.0003590987,0.0004618353],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998816,0.00007796985,0.0003110288,0.0005390448,0.0001381308,0.0001178178],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008078863,0.0006577943,0.007143277,0.00001698578,0.0002078649,6.518541e-7,0.0008668272,0.0358673,0.1960341,0.747777,0.00004648961,0.01130087],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002002166,0.0004335904,0.001955634,0.00005940607,0.0001543585,0.000001490569,0.002153244,0.001223919,0.7838041,0.2077051,0.0001836802,0.0003232943],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9132629,0.00005655484,0.08562887,0.00008531706,0.000126624,0.0001681204,0.00003936783,0.00002260362,0.0006096443],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9992108,0.000002594777,0.0001629471,0.0000360779,0.0004490658,0.00004594786,0.00001582039,0.00003708651,0.00003968937],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.58777,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7645772,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007876264327295344,"score_gpt":0.202088130989991,"score_spread":0.1942118666626956,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}