{"id":"W2017636534","doi":"10.1017/s0008423905289977","title":"The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Political Science","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":128,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Federalism; Politics; Political science; Competition (biology); Public administration; Duverger's law; Multi-party system; Political economy; Political system; Electoral system; Law; Single non-transferable vote; Sociology; Democracy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001903298,0.0002607636,0.0004860923,0.004539757,0.006939949,0.004629296,0.001302625,0.0009700477,0.003770934],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006083689,0.0002704191,0.0003017431,0.01660063,0.006866594,0.001930016,0.0022434,0.001659805,0.0002245653],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.04480905,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03557999,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9813922,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9937919,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984268,0.000272834,0.00003826158,0.0001057457,0.0004377371,0.0007187276],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965919,0.001180282,0.0005673345,0.00006624781,0.0008818631,0.0007123876],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000378512,0.0001981218,0.6160499,0.0003042651,0.0002263494,0.0003347513,0.05346928,0.003537307,0.000237235,0.1800449,0.05554806,0.08967141],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002725258,0.0000226737,0.9388098,0.00014085,0.00006179092,0.00007863101,0.02093592,0.001329878,0.0001486184,0.0115322,0.02686173,0.00005073034],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9171712,0.02901575,0.0003718105,0.01668541,0.00009149397,0.00004907315,0.002548227,0.00001991144,0.03404714],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9886361,0.006791676,0.0002439027,0.0002446925,0.00003906998,0.00001729327,0.001129065,0.000008525642,0.002889504],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04480905,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3251139,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02458887240239324,"score_gpt":0.286755239132508,"score_spread":0.2621663667301148,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}